Carsinoma Doctor

Archive for the ‘Type of Carcinoma’ Category

Definition
The stomach is a part of the digestive tract is a hollow organ located in the upper abdomen below the ribs. Cancer is an abnormal growth and division of cells in our body, are cells that do not regenerate and form tumors or masses of abnormal tissue.

Risk Factors
Nobody knows what causes stomach cancer. Doctors have observed that people with certain risk factors are more likely to develop this disease, including:

People over 72 years on average.
It has been observed that men are more likely to develop stomach cancer.
Stomach cancer is more common in Asians, Hispanics and African Americans.
Studies suggest that people who have a diet high in salt, smoked or pickled foods are at greater risk. The consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables may protect against this disease.
Infection with Helicobacter pylori , a type of bacterium commonly found in the stomach and increases the risk of inflammation and stomach ulcers, but not all people with this infection develop gastric cancer.
People who smoke are more likely to develop cancer.

The presence of other diseases that condition stomach inflammation, may increase the risk of cancer: gastric surgery, chronic gastritis (inflammation of the inner plate of the stomach for long periods) and pernicious anemia.
Family history. There are some cancers that run in families complete due to genetic characteristics.

Symptoms
Early stomach cancer often shows no symptoms, but if the cancer has spread, often seen:

Discomfort in the stomach area
Excessive fullness of the stomach while eating a few foods
Nausea and vomiting
Weight loss without apparent cause
Loss of appetite
Abdominal pain
Indigestion
Vomiting blood
Diagnosis
If you suspect the presence of stomach cancer the doctor will do a medical history to assess their personal and family history and physical examination.

You can also rely on X-ray studies of the esophagus and stomach with barium solution to show in detail the gastric structures. Another consideration is the endoscopy to visualize the stomach by a small camera inserted through the mouth and may also take samples of tissue (biopsy) for study under a microscope and determine the presence of cancer cells.

They can also be used blood tests to determine the presence of anemia, other studies of x-ray computed tomography, ultrasound and laparoscopy to visualize the stomach and nearby organs for sampling.

Classification
This classification determines the extent of spread of stomach cancer.

Stage 0. Cancer is found only in the innermost layer of the stomach. Also called carcinoma in situ .

Stage I. One of the following characteristics:

The tumor has invaded only the submucosa. Cancer cells can be observed up to six lymph nodes.
Or, the tumor has invaded the muscle layer or subserosa. Cancer cells do not spread to lymph nodes or other organs.
Stage II. One of the following characteristics:

The tumor has invaded only the submucosa. The cancer has spread to seven to 15 lymph nodes
Or, the tumor has invaded the muscle layer or subserosa and cancer cells have spread to one to six lymph nodes.
Or, the tumor has penetrated the inner layers of the stomach. Cancer cells do not invade the lymph nodes or other organs.
Stage III. One of the following circumstances:

The tumor has invaded the muscle layer or subserosa. The cancer has spread to seven to 15 lymph nodes.
Or, the tumor has penetrated the outer layer. Cancer cells have spread to one to 15 lymph nodes.
Or, the tumor has invaded nearby organs like the liver or spleen. Cancer cells have not spread to lymph nodes or distant organs.
Stage IV. One of the following conditions:

The cancer has spread to more than 15 lymph nodes
Or, the tumor has invaded adjacent organs, and at least one lymph node
Or the cancer has spread to distant organs.
Recurrent cancer. Cancer that has re-emerged in the stomach or other body part.

Treatment
Depending on size and location of tumor, stage of disease and overall health. May include surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid (ATC) is the most aggressive thyroid gland malignancy. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is the malignant neoplasm of the thyroid gland more aggressive. Although ATC accounts for less Than 2% of all thyroid Cancers, Causes it up to 40% of deaths from thyroid cancer. Although air traffic accounts for less than 2% of all thyroid cancers, causing up to 40% of deaths from thyroid cancer.

The aggressive nature of ATC makes Difficult to Perform Treatment studies. The aggressive nature of ATC makes treatment studies difficult.

Pathophysiology
Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid (ATC) Generally Occurs in people in iodine-deficient areas and in a setting of previous thyroid pathology (eg, preexisting goiter, follicular thyroid cancer, Papillary thyroid cancer). Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) usually occurs in people in areas with iodine deficiency and in the context of previous thyroid disease (eg, preexisting conditions, goiter, follicular thyroid cancer, papillary thyroid cancer). Local invasion of Adjacent structures (eg, trachea, esophagus) Commonly occurs. Local invasion of adjacent structures (eg, trachea, esophagus) commonly occurs.

ATC has a rapid course and early dissemination. ATC has a rapid course and early dissemination. The most common sites of Distant spread include, in descending order, the lung, bone, and brain. The most common sites of distant spread include, in descending order, lung, bone and brain. Metastases, Particularly in the lung, are Likely to be present at diagnosis More Than 50% of the time. Metastases, especially in the lung, is likely to be present at the time of diagnosis 50% of the time.

Consultations
Involve a surgeon with experience in thyroid operations in the operative care of Affected Patients. The participation of a surgeon experienced in thyroid operations in the operational care of patients.

Medication
The goals of pharmacotherapy are to reduce morbidity and to Prevent complications. The goals of pharmacotherapy are to reduce morbidity and prevent complications.

Antineoplastics
Chemotherapeutic agents that may be used in advanced disease include doxorubicin and cisplatin. chemotherapeutic agents can be used in advanced disease include doxorubicin and cisplatin.

Doxorubicin (Adriamycin, Rubex)
This is an agent of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic class. This is an antineoplastic agent of the anthracycline antibiotic class. Inhibits topoisomerase II and free radicals you produce, which may cause the destruction of DNA. Inhibits topoisomerase II and produces free radicals that can cause destruction of DNA. The combination of These two events turn INHIBIT dog in the Growth of neoplastic cells. The combination of these two events may in turn inhibits the growth of neoplastic cells. In metastatic thyroid carcinoma, doxorubicin is probably the most effective antineoplastic agent. In the metastatic thyroid carcinoma, doxorubicin is probably the most effective anticancer agents.

Treatment
Medical Health Care

• Treatment is mostly palliative. Treatment is mostly palliative.
• Patients with unresectable tumors consider who are in good general condition.

Surgical Care

• Use surgery to obtain a definitive diagnosis When fine-needle aspiration is unsuccessful. use surgery to obtain a definitive diagnosis when fine needle aspiration is unsuccessful.
• Perform surgery in conjunction with radiation and chemotherapy. Having surgery in combination with radiation and chemotherapy.
• Protect the airway When performing surgery, Malthus, an early tracheostomy Prophylactic may be required. Protect the airway to perform the surgery, so early prophylactic tracheotomy may be required.
• Uncle Tom typically the large size of These tumors, the Extent of resection is limited When the diagnosis is made. Despite the generally large size of these tumors, the extent of resection is limited when the diagnosis is made.
• Rather than performing complete thyroidectomy, thyroid tissue excision as much as possible Without Attempting resection of all structures Adjacent Because of the high Incidence of Postoperative morbidity (eg, vocal cord paralysis, esophageal fistula). Instead of performing total thyroidectomy, resection of both thyroid tissue as possible without attempting resection of all adjacent structures due to the high incidence of postoperative morbidity (eg, vocal cord paralysis, esophageal fistula). Although a Greater Extent of resection May be Slightly Associated with longer survival, this hypothesis is Not Confirmed. Despite a greater extent of resection may be associated with a slightly longer survival, this hypothesis is not confirmed.

Differential Diagnosis

• Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) can not be definitively Diagnosed with laboratory Examinations of the blood or Urine. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) can not be diagnosed with laboratory tests of blood or urine.
• Levels Obtain serum calcium to rule out medullary thyroid carcinoma or parathyroid neoplasms. Obtain serum calcium levels to rule out medullary thyroid carcinoma or parathyroid neoplasms.

Imaging Studies

• May be Used Chest radiography to determine the Presence of lung metastases. The chest radiograph can be used to determine the presence of pulmonary metastases.
• Preoperative ultrasonography can detect cervical Lymph Node Metastases. Preoperative ultrasound can detect cervical lymph node metastases.
• Cervical CT scanning can be used to define the local spread of disease. Cervical CT scan can be used to define the local extent of disease. Detection of Distant metastases to the mediastinum, liver, lung, bone, and brain is Also possible via CT or MRI scanning. The detection of distant metastases to the mediastinum, liver, lung, bone and brain is also possible through the CT scan or MRI.
• Bone scanning can be used to determine the Presence of bone metastases. A bone scan can be used to determine the presence of bone metastases.
• Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) CAN visualize primary tumors, metastases Lymph node, lung metastases, and Other Distant metastases. 3 positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) can visualize primary tumors, lymph node metastasis, lung metastasis, and other distant metastases. 3

Procedures

• Fine-needle aspiration cytologic Often yields enough information to allow diagnosis, however, if the fine-needle aspiration does Not Provided definitive results, the patient May require an open surgical biopsy. Fine needle aspiration often gives sufficient information to permit cytological diagnosis, however, whether fine-needle aspiration does not provide definitive results, the patient may require an open surgical biopsy.

Histologic Findings
Grossly, anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid (ATC) is a large, fleshy, off-white tumor. Grossly, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a large, fleshy, whitish tumor. Infiltration of Adjacent structures Can Be Observed microscopically and grossly. The infiltration of adjacent structures can be observed grossly and microscopically. Histologically, the tumor May Contain regions of spontaneous necrosis and hemorrhage. Histologically, the tumor may contain areas of necrosis and spontaneous hemorrhage. Typically, angioinvasion is detectable. Usually angioinvasion is detectable.

The main histologic variants include spindle cell, giant cell (osteoclastlike) squamo, and paucicellular. The main histologic variants include spindle cells, giant cells (osteoclastlike) and paucicellular squamoid. The giant cell subtype exhibits Typically local osteo Significant calcification with formation. The giant cell subtype often calcification local exhibitions with the formation of osteoid significant. The subtype paucicellular Growth Demonstrate rapid, intense fibrosis, focal infarction, diffuse calcification, and encroachment of Adjacent vascular tissue by atypical spindle cells. The subtype paucicellular shows rapid growth, intense fibrosis, focal infarction, calcification, diffuse, and the invasion of adjacent vascular tissue by atypical spindle cells.

Thyroid lymphoma is the only curable condition That May be confused with ATC. Thyroid lymphoma is the only condition is curable which can be confused with ATC. Rule out lymphoma in the Presence of a large cell poorly Differentiated thyroid cancer. Rule out lymphoma in the presence of a tumor cell poorly differentiated thyroid large. This investigation Involves lymphoid tissue markers (eg, cytoplasmic immunoglobulin, immunoglobulin receptors, gene rearrangement studies). This research involves lymphoid tissue markers (eg, cytoplasmic immunoglobulin, immunoglobulin receptors, studies of gene rearrangement).

The conjunctival squamous cell carcinomas are tumors of low incidence, usually with a range between 0.13 and 1.9 cases per 100,000 population in tropical countries but this is superior. Incidents reported in invasive forms intraorbital and intraocular have a range between 2 and 12%, demonstrating the aggressive nature of this tumor. The management of squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva in the early stages is very conservative, but in its natural history this tumor can invade the eyeball, orbit, neighboring regions and distant organs, hence the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

To determine the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva with intraocular and intraorbital invasion at the National Institute of Oncology in Havana was our goal. We performed a retrospective analysis of 18 patients with clinical and histological diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva with orbital infiltration attended from January 1995 to December 2003 are classified as T4 N0 M0 at diagnosis. The parameters evaluated were age, sex, initial treatment and response.

The average age of our series was 58.7 years, surgery and radiotherapy exercises deep initial treatment was applied at 83.33%. In its evolution eight cases (44.44%) patients had adverse responses and radical surgery was performed in 50% of patients.

. Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common types of skin cancer.
. Appears most frequently in areas of skin that have been exposed to the sun.
. If not treated, can spread to distant organs (metastasis).

What causes it?

. Most are caused by sun exposure over many years.
. Others appear in damaged areas of the skin such as burns, scars or swollen areas of skin.

What people are more at risk?

. People who have spent many years living or working in the sun, like farmers, workers, or sailors.
. The people of white skin and blue eyes, blond or red hair.

. Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common types of skin cancer.
. Appears most frequently in areas of skin that have been exposed to the sun.
. If not treated, can spread to distant organs (metastasis).

What causes it?

. Most are caused by sun exposure over many years.
. Others appear in damaged areas of the skin such as burns, scars or swollen areas of skin.

What people are more at risk?

. People who have spent many years living or working in the sun, like farmers, workers, or sailors.
. The people of white skin and blue eyes, blond or red hair.

TREATMENT

MASTECTOMY

Mastectomy is the treatment which compares with other management options and was the most used in the past decade, however, the most aggressive, as a condition that we can not use after the excision, or if they does, what will the long term. In addition, this advocate conservative treatment for invasive Ca therefore not seem logical to do so in the case of DCIS.

However, mastectomy is achieved the lowest rate of recurrence, which ranges from 0 to 3% (Table 1), so it still has some indications, such as:

1. People with cancerophobia, who do not accept the conservative treatment.
2. DCIS with multicentricity (1-2%).
3. Score alto8-9 in the Van Nuys index, of the latter, will be discussed later.