Carsinoma Doctor

Posts Tagged ‘Tumor’

They are carried by lymphatic or hematogenous. The invasion of these systems can be early (including, but exceptionally, in the incidental carcinoma). But currently there are more metastases in larger tumors. Hematogenous metastases to the bones can occur without a concomitant lymphatic spread. Metastases are the most frequent regional lymph node (lymph shutters, hypogastric and iliac). Bone metastases are the most common of the pelvis, vertebrae, femur and ribs. The most frequent visceral are the lungs, liver and adrenal glands.

Metastases are of great importance in prostate cancer, because, with few exceptions, mortality depends on them. Serologic prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase are useful for clinical diagnosis of cancer or metastasis.

it has been shown statistically that in carcinomas of the same site, histological type and stage of dissemination, the prognosis is related to the degree of anaplasia of the primary tumor. For that reason classified Broders squamous carcinomas, tubular and transitional cells, respectively, at 4 degrees, according to the proportion of anaplastic cells that had each.

Broders grades:

* Grade I: No more than 25% of the cells are immature.

* Grade II: 25 to 50% of the cells are immature.

* Grade III: 50 to 75% of the cells are immature.

* Grade IV: over 75% of the cells are immature.

As the identification and counting of each cell is an immature process impractical, the current trend is to graduate every type carcinomas into three groups:

* Well differentiated.
* Moderately differentiated.
* Poorly differentiated.

In response to the characters rather differentiation and presence of intercellular bridges and keratin; degree to which the tubules, follicles or trabeculae resemble the normal organ.

There carcinomas showing no differentiation character to be classified as squamous, adenocarcinoma, transitional cell carcinomas, and so on. They are called undifferentiated or anaplastic carcinomas. These carcinomas are more immature than a Broders grade IV carcinoma because it still has some cells that can be classified as squamous, adenocarcinoma, and so on.

Cause and risk factor

Adrenocortical carcinoma is more common in children under 5 years of age and in adults between 30 and 40 years.

Adrenocortical carcinoma may be associated with a cancer syndrome that is passed down through families (inherited). Both men and women can develop this type of

The tumor can produce the hormones cortisol, estrogen and aldosterone. In women, the tumor often releases hormones, which can lead to male characteristics.

The cause is unknown and approximately 2 people per million develop this type of tumor.

Symptoms

Symptoms that suggest increased cortisol production are:

* Rounded hump of fat on the upper back, just below the neck (buffalo hump)

* Rounded face with pudgy cheeks (moon face)

* Obesity

* Stunted growth in height (short stature)

* Virilization: appearance of male characteristics, including increased body hair, especially on face, pubic hair, acne, deepening of voice and enlarged clitoris (girls)

Symptoms that suggest increased aldosterone production are the same as symptoms of low potassium and include weakness, muscle cramps, increased thirst and urination.

At the time of filing, over 50% of patients with esophageal cancer have metastatic disease. The use of chemotherapy for this group of patients is increasing, with the intention of gaining control of local and distant tumor, improvement of quality of life and prolonging survival.
Evaluate the effectiveness of a) chemotherapy versus best supportive care or b) different chemotherapy regimens with each other in metastatic carcinoma of the esophagus.
Only two RCTs with 42 participants compared chemotherapy with best supportive care for metastatic cancer of the esophagus. In these RCTs, showed no survival benefit for chemotherapy. Five RCTs with 1 242 participants compared different chemotherapy regimens. Because of the variation in the population of patients and chemotherapy regimens, it was not possible to make a formal pooled analysis. There was no consistent benefit of any specific chemotherapy regimen.
Authors’ conclusions

Trials are needed well-designed phase III, and adequately powered, comparing chemotherapy versus best supportive care in patients with metastatic cancer of the esophagus. Chemotherapy agents with encouraging response rates and tolerable toxicity are cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), paclitaxel and anthracyclines. Future trials comparing palliative treatment modalities should assess the quality of life with quality of life measures validated.

Tumor involving the urothelium and is more prevalent in men than in women (9 and 4% of the tumors, respectively). In some cases, may result from exposure to naphthylamine and other aromatic amines, and cyclophosphamide treatment, and smokers are at greater risk than nonsmokers. Only 1-3%, it is a squamous cancer, and then you typically associated with schistosomiasis, and exceptionally adenocarcinoma (1%). Regarding diagnosis, hematuria princeps is the sign as it appears in 85% of cases, then perform a cystoscopy.

Although histologically tumor is of the same nature, from the standpoint of diagnostic and therapeutic, are divided into two groups: superficial and deep. The first affect the bladder mucosa and the latter to the muscle of the bladder. The surface is treated by transurethral endoscopic resection and occasionally endocavitary chemotherapy is added to chemotherapy (thiotepa, Adriamycin, Mitomycin C) or BCG. Supportive treatment is aimed at reducing recurrence and progression. Superficial tumors must be carefully followed by endoscopic control, by its tendency to relapse (in 40-70% of patients so happens) and progression (in 20-40% of cases progress to deep). The standard treatment is radical cystectomy deep (removal of the bladder, prostate and seminal vesicles) associated with treatment with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, in order to improve local control, facilitate surgery and improve overall survival. The deep treatment had a survival rate of 50% in five years.